Where Do I Put Citations in a Paper

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How to Cite Different Sources in Your Newspaper
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| Thesis | World Wide Web | Personal Communication | DO NOTS
NOTE: Although you should use these quotation formats in that and other biology courses, ad hoc formats vary substantially for individual journals. If you are trying to publish a paper in a specific journal, you volition be necessary to take after the format of that journal. Some journals,e.g., Science, use of goods and services a number scheme to give the schoolbook reference. That organisation bequeath not atomic number 4 presented here, just you should expect to encounter information technology in your reading of the literature. A complete listing of citation formats for published materials may be found in Huth et alii (1994).

Citing References in the Body (Intro and Discussion) of the Paper

Passim the body of your composition (primarily the Presentation and Discussion), whenever you refer to outside sources of information, you must cite the sources from which you drew information. The simplest manner to do this is to parenthetically give the source's last name and the year of issue, e.g., (Clarke 2001). When citing information from another's publication, be sure to report the germane aspects of the work clearly and succinctly, IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Provide a cite to the work as presently arsenic possible after giving the information.

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Standard Text Citation Formats

There are exceptions among the various journals, but generally, in natural journals, the most frequent types of citations are shown in the following examples (in red):

"It has been found that male mice react to estrogen discussion by a reduction in phase three of courting behavior (Gumwad 1952:209; Bugjuice 1970) . Click and Clack (1974) demonstrated that mice treated with synthetic estrogen analogs react similarly. The reduction in form three courting behavior may also comprise linked to biological process status (Anon. 1996; Bruhahauser et al 1973) ."

Note the following:

Typically, only the cognomen of the generator(s) and the year of publication are given,e.g., Bugjuice 1970 . Your Lit Cited section leave contain the complete reference, and the subscriber can look information technology up there.

Remark that the reference to the book has a Thomas Nelson Page number (Gumwad 1952:209) . This is to facilitate a reader's finding the reference in a long issue such as a book (non finished for journal articles). The paper by Bugjuice (1970) is short, and if readers want to find the documented info, they would not have atomic number 3 much trouble.

For two author papers, give both authors' last names (e.g., Click and Clack 1974 ). Articles with more than two authors are cited aside the first authors last name followed "and others" Oregon "et al.", and then the yr.

When a book, paper, or clause has no identifiable author, cite it as Anon. Year, e.g., (Anon. 1996) (Anon. is the abbreviation for nameless). See Full Credit.

If you need reference a paper found in another clause, do so as follows: ( Driblick 1923, in Oobleck 1978 ).

A string of citations should be separated by semicolons, e.g., (Gumwad 1952:209; Bugjuice 1970; Bruhahauser et al 1973) .

Finally, you should note the placement of the period Afterward the parenthetical citation - the citation, too, is part of a doom,e.g., "...courtship behavior (Gumwad 1952:209; Bugjuice 1970) ."

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Thesis: Theses and dissertatons should personify cited as follows:

Mortimer, R. 1975. A study of secretion regularization of body temperature and consequences for reproductive succeeder in the common house shiner (Mus musculus) in Nome, Alaska. Edgar Lee Masters Thesis, University of Alaska, Anchorage. 83 p.

World Wide Entanglement/Internet source citations : World Wide Web citation should be done with caution since so more is posted without peer review. When necessary, written report the complete URL in the text including the site writer's name:

Ohio State University Library has a good webpage for citing web sources:

hypertext transfer protocol://subroutine library.osu.edu/sites/guides/csegd.php

Internet sources should be included in your Literature Cited section.

For information on evaluating internet sources, look at: hypertext transfer protocol://abacus.bates.edu/ils/entanglement/research/judge.hypertext mark-up language

For unusual reference citations such a government activity documents, technical reports, etc, refer to Huth et alii (1994) for a complete list of citation formats. A copy of this credit should be available in the Ladd Depository library and a copy is available in the Biology Department.

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Personal Communication theory:

Suppose extraordinary of the info cited above was not gained from the Gumwad and Bugjuice publications, but rather in a personal conversation with or letter from an expert along the submit, Dr. Cynthia Mousse. When you have talked with, or written to someone, and gained some selective information or data that are not published, you should give credit to that person in the following way:

"It has been found that male mice .... phase terzetto of courtship behavior (C. Mousse, pers. comm.)."

No date is entered for a personal communication, nor will it be entered in your Lit Cited section. Notwithstandin, the source is usually thanked in your Acknowledgments for their contribution.

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DO NOT DO THE FOLLOWING:

DO NOT USE FOOTNOTES : Footnoting, although commonly done in books and other literary writing, is only seldom done in journal trend papers. Cite references in the flow of the text as shown higher up.

Exercise NOT USE DIRECT QUOTES From Published Material : In 99.99% of the cases, the information you want from a inquiry article is an object lens result operating theater version. How the author stated this info, i.e., their prose, is of little importance compared to the results or interpretations themselves. Payoff the information and put information technology into your possess speech; avoid paraphrasing since this stern possibly lead to plagiarization.

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Formats for Complete Citations used in the Literature Cited

In the Literature Cited you must provide fill out citations for each of the publicised sources cited in your paper. The format for entries in the Literature Cited section differs for books and for journal papers because diverse kinds of information must be provided. The formats provided here are exemplary, merely may vary in different publications depending on their particular needs and practices.

Whatever basic rules applicable to all formats indexed by author name(s) :

All citation entries are listed in alphabetical order based the inaugural author's last name;

If the comparable author(s) are cited for more than one paper having the same ordinate of authors' names, the papers should be registered in chronological sequence by year of issue.

Authors' names MUST be listed in the citation in the same order as in the clause.

Bugjuice, B., Timm, T. and R. Cratchet. 1990. The role of estrogen in mouse
xxxx suit behavior changes every bit mice age. J Physiol 62(6):1130-1142.

Cratchet, R., Bugjuice, B.and T. Timm. 1994. Estrogen, schmestrogen!: Shiner
xxxx (Mus musculus) Eastern Samoa a dietetical alternative for humans. J Nutrition 33(6):113 -114.

If the aforesaid source(s) are cited for two or many papers publicised within the unchanged yr, place a itsy-bitsy case letter after the year to announce the chronological sequence in which you referred to them. For example:

Bugjuice, B. 1970a . Physiological personal effects of estrogen on mouse wooing conduct.
....x. J Physiol 40(2):140-145.

Bugjuice, B. 1970b . Physiologic effects of estrogen analogs: Insincere wooing
xxxx behavior in feminine mice. J Physiol 40(8):1240-1247.

If no author is listed, use the articulate Anonymous in place of the generator appoint(s).

Anonymous. 1992. ..... cave in rest of quotation using appropriate format.

Circumstantial Format Models

Apiece simulation is shown equally the full Citation plus the in-schoolbook reference data formatting.

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Journal Article: Single author

Bugjuice, B. 1970. Physiological effects of estrogen on mouse courtship ........ behavior. J Physiol 40(2):140-145. Bugjuice (1970) OR
(Bugjuice 1970)

In the cite of Bugjuice's paper, note the following:

abbreviation of her given name; no comma (if full name is tending, then use a comma); if multiple authors, use commas between;

capitalization of the words in the title is even as though it were a sentence;

abbreviation of the journal name ; usually the header on the clause will list the appropriate abbreviation for the journal; nary periods in abbreviated form of journal name;

"40" is the intensity number "(2)" is the number of the issue; if none issue is given, the colon follows the volume number;

"140-145" is the comprehensive foliate numbers of the article;

placement of periods is standard;

indentation of the moment line (and all subsequent lines) in the citation. This applies to all citations.

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Journal: Two authors

Timm, T. and B. Bugjuice. 1989. The role of vibrissa distance in mouse ........ nose-twitching courtship behavior. J Physiol 61(3):113-118. Timm and Bugjuice (1989) Surgery
(Timm and Bugjuice 1989)

Journal: Quadruple authors

Bugjuice, B., Timm, T. and R. Cratchet. 1990. The role of estrogen in ....... mouse courtship behaviour changes as mice age. J Physiol 2(6): ....... 1130-1142. Bugjuice et alibi. (1990) OR
Bugjuice and others (1990) OR
(Bugjuice and others 1990)

Source(s) Unknown Oregon Not Named

If the authorship of a paper or otherwise document is not provided, adduce the author using the word "Anonymous" in the blank space of the authors name(s).

Anonymous. 1979. STD's and You: A Survival Guide for College Students ....... in the 20th Hundred. Publ.#12-1979, Waazah County Health ....... Department, Popville, ME. 6 p. Anonymous (1979) Operating theater
(Anonymous 1979)

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Good Book: unmarried author

Gumwad, G. 1952. Conduct patterns of mice. 2nd ed. New York: Harper ........ & Row. 347 p. Gumwad (1952:224) OR (Gumwad 1952:224)

Book: multiple authors

Huth, J., Brogan, M., Dancik, B., Kommedahl, T., Nadziejka, D., ........ Robinson, P., and W. Swanson.1994. Scientific format and style: ........ The CBE manual for authors, editors, and publishers. 6th ed. ........ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 825 p. Huth et al. (1994:625) OR
Huth and others (1994:625) Operating theatre (Huth and others 1994:625)

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Book: authors causative a specific chapter

Kuret, J. and F. Murad. 1990. Adenohypophyseal hormones and affinal ........ substances. In: Gilman A, Rall T, Nies A, Taylor P, editors. The ........ pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 8th ed. New York: Pergamon. ........ p. 1334-60. Kuret and Murad (1990:1334-60) OR
(Kuret and Murad 1990:1334-60)

In the books citation, note the following:

abbreviation of authors first name (one or both initials OK);

capitalize title as if information technology was a sentence; the title of respect is non underlined (contrary to literary format)

"2nd ed." means second edition; if the Word is a first variation; nary entry is made, here, but if 2nd, 3rd, etc., then the notation is made;

give city of publication, and the public figure of the publisher;

year of publication follows authors' name calling;

position of periods is standard;

indentation of entirely lines after the prototypical.

<More examples: University of Washington Library Internet site (pdf)>